Role of Intellectuals,social and Political

Organization in Mass media  in the era of King Amanullah khan

 

Written by:Researcher Farzana habibi

Translated by:Abdul-Rahman habibzui

 

Before that   we discus and analyze the role of intelletuals,social and political organizations on freemedia ,first  of all we have to know ,who is intelletual? What is intelletualism?and after  word we will emphasize on its political formation process and political startegy  and will analyze its effects on free media.

For understanding the meaning of intelletuals and process of intelletualism ,we are oblige  to  have a glance on the expression of intleletualism and its essence in western society, Because  in this regard they are the creaters of such Terminology.

The term of intellectuals has been barrowed  from the western world and has been introduced in Afghanistan for so long. So that, the  meaning of  intellectuals is not completely clear yet.Some times it is  used as a educated person,inventer and so on.

The Terminology of intelletual in French means (Loumere) in Russain language it is called     

And in Dari Roshan fiker and in Pashto language it is roonaandai.It is a fact ,that every individual  and collective action and attitude is the result of intelligence and information, Thus each change in life is whenever sustainable that has the power of  thinking and information.

All the references states ,that founders of  western new civilization were their think tanks and intelletuals .They  criticized on those issues that they had time and thought about those things ,that they have the ability of their ownering ,how to get.

There is no doubt, that mind and think of  a humanbeing  individually or collectively follow some mistakes. There for those that get  the latest and best information and specify his ways of life and deliverance himself  from up and down levels and abnormal circumstance of live is called Intelletuals.

Naturally intelletual is a person who is opposite of those narrow minded ideas, that has captured society and he is benefited from all new and fresh informations ,visual aculty and sharp sightedness.

The formation of a political process is impossible without intellectualisms movements and it can not be completed without intellectuals

The  first even intellectual movement has been started in the during of Amir Shir ali khanera.How ever before the mentioned  period there were some circles of those  process ,but it was traditionally and individually and also they were very small.After ,some movement have inspired from foreign ideologies and they started some activities for political reforms and social welfare systematically in the period of Amir Shir Ali khan .In this event SayadJamaluddin Afghan established a movement of political reforms and for first time he flagrant essence and nature of  despotism and political dilemma.

Sayed Jamaluddin states his lectures,disscussions and ideas among the intellectual groups to bring them into reform and lighten the public opionin.By this way he opens the door towards reforms and brings possibility to make and establish reformest social and political islamic idealogy.

On that time the stimulant of creation of Islamic idealogy was the despotism of foreign colonization.In this case sayed Jamaludin presents his agenda to Amir Shir Ali khan to get his goals for islamic reforms,and also due to the current political circumstance in the  country  which was in conflict .thus those movement were not able to get promotion,so those movement were remained as an anceint format upto to Amir Abdul Rahman Khan’s last period,but during the kingdom of Habibullah khan constitutionalist intelletual bands eshtablished Anjoman-e-Sarajul Akhbar in 1906,this was the first political organization with a new concept of constitutional monarchy.

Founder of Anjoma-e-Sarajul Akhbar were intelletual’s groups and also constitutionalist party of Afghanistan.They had a very very strong subjectives for free and prsorous of country and for welfare of people.So due to such a movement and politicalefforts ,Afghanistan got throw a new process with a new conception that get provided with a new conditional status of government.It is noteable, that this organization was a turning pivot and confident version for the other next political parties and movements in Afghanistan.So if we try to understand about the success of other next course of socio political conditions,we will get a result that all the success of those process were the following strategy of first political organizations (ANJOMAN-E-SARAJUL AKHBAR) in Afghanistan.

So, now for more understandings the next success of political incidents of Afghanistan .It is necessary to analyze and research of  political incidents in the world.

Political parties are very  important outcome of humans in their life.Political incidents specially in 19th and 20th century,but what is political party ?and what can they do in the change of a society ?

Political scholar s have the following ideas about  the mentioned qestions.

“ Political parties are the way of struggling for programs,politics and strategy for hopes of citizens and conformation of those wishes”but Maksweber saysthat(Political parties are those subseguents of effortes for getting authorities and possitions.)

So political parties are defrerent from social and civil organizations and they must have programs and genral political agendas and they are absolutely independent comparing to social organizations. Their activities totally in free circumstance.It is notable that all political parties are working to get political power and they seriously do politics.Also political parties do not think about short term issues and they are giving the priority to genral decisions in national standerds.So many political parties ,that wants to become a stronge party it should send his representatives to governmental high level positions and to state as well too.

Political parties with their classic conception for first time in the middle of 17th century between 1630 and 1670 with the formation of two parties “TODAY” and “WEEQ”had been stared  activities in England ,but it was United state of America that for the first lonely Political party had been formed on it.

Political parties with separated  successes in the  1800th year in the incident of  presidential election have come to power  .After that in European countries and in all of continents the political parties came to political competation,however,there are very less countries that they have no role of political parties.In adition,political parties and organizaions have set up and promted  in europ and America but it step by step created in Asian countries specially in Afghanistan,Indai,Turkey and other neighboring countries of Afghanistan’s. After that those countries have started political competations by those parties.Due to the above definition of political parties,one group in the name of constitution movement ,that some Afghan researcher  use it by name  of (GENRAL NATIONAL PARTY) in the year of 1282-1288 at that time of Amir Habibullah khan one  another incident that Alama Abdul Hai Habibi note it by a political party.But it was not a political party ,because it does not have the quality  that other political parties had in the world.Due to it  those parties were not struggling for power they just brought reforms in the style of government, secondly their formation was very small and limited and also their activities and agendas were hidden from the eye of public.But the outcome of that movement specially the (SECOND COONSTITUTIONAl MOVEMENT)effected  on the political change of country and established the first idea of  political party in Afghanistan.So we will review totally  governmental atmosphere of that time.

The modern and definite political incidents, have been built up for first time in the during  “EMARAT” of Amir Habibullah in the first decate of 20th century .Between the first and second constitutional time period one conservative group was also involed in political activity .All conservative were governmental stuff,religious people  and clergies.

They were defending the ideology which in the result was isolation of the new Afghanistan.Leader of conservative groups was brother of habibullah khan,Sardar Nasrullah Khan,that writer of  book(Afghanistan in last five centuries) pointed out that before travel of  Habibullah khan to Indai Amir was with a balance with both parties “REFORMIST and CONSERVATIVES”and has equal relation with each party,but whenever Amir tripped to India in 1907 he join the British group, because he does not want to come new civilization to Afghanistan and  this goal does not coresponded with his nature.

By the change of social and political situations the General national movement,that Meer Ghulam Mohamad ghubar called it “Movement general politics” got chance to promote and proceed. This movement was a collection of external and internal intellectuals and its aim was to change the despotice rule regime by a constitutional kingdom,getting Afghanistan independency and explore new culture and civilization in the country.

But signing the agreement about Afghanistan between Russia and Brithish that has occurred at one time with visit of Amir habibullah to india ,put unpleasant results and gave birth to reactions and step by step by the manner of  Habibullah Khan.

According to the author of book(AFGHANISTAN IN LAST FIVE CENTURIES)this circumstance brought a good chance to Nasrullah Khan and his other conservative fellows,that Meer Mohamad Siddiq Farhang writes:They approved Amir that successful policy is to make relation with external world and isolation is benefited to country.By this way the new political map of transit postponed.

After this, new reformist syllables with the leadership of Alama Mahmod Tarzai and with fresh publishing again SARAJUL AKHBAR-E-AFGHANIAH in 1911 has come to political invironment. The main purpose of SarajulAkhbar-e-Afghaniah was nationalism and fighting against British colonalization.According to belife of Ustad Ghubar,the libral reformists wave did not have motional power with out that circle around the members of kingdom. The only one person that give attention to them and they also like him was Amanullah khan.After Amanullah Khan talked with this reformist group and tooke a decision for a coupdetat.

The result of second constitutional movement was provided with better conditions,after getting power by Amanullah khan, was supported by constitutional movement and according to the strategy of second constitutional movement King Amanullah khan got the independency of Afghanistan and brought reforms in the formation of government.

It was the strategy of constitutionalist movement and they were  hopfull to implement this strategy.

When Amanullah khan got independency of  the country in this time Afghanistan established political,commercial and cultural friendly relationships with Asian and European countries .Also Afghanistan opened ways to a new technology and also inforced educational reforms up to some limites.

The first admirable action of  king Amanullah was that provided country with a new constitutions,that has made by 800governmental delegations, deputies and tribal representatives on the topic of LOYAH JERGA(BOASTER CONVENTION) that occurred in 1302.With the implementation of this constitution for the first time in the history of Afghanistan the kingdom power has been limited by law and political institutions like Delegations,Ministeries,Consul of state and governers,also some definite political rights of people like freedom of thought and broadcasting saving location and keeping secrets of communications and documentations and letters.

In the next Loyh Jerga 1307 some other important reforms like installation of elected parliament ,taking exams from clergies(MULAH) and some o ther  important reforms had been enforced. 

The main plitical and social bases of Amanullah khan’s kingdom was Nader khan,AliAhmadkhan,Mahmod khan,Ghulam Haider khan,Ghulam Nabikhan charkhi,Sardar Abdul Qoduse,they were basic and main external and internal policy makers of Amanullah Khan’s kingdom.Mahmod Tarzi,Mahamad Wali Darwazi,Maulawi Abdul Wasi Qandahari and Abdul Hadi Davai were legal advisers of Shah Amanullah khan.

Due to Amanullah khan’s investment on constitutionalists,he worked hard on constitutionalist’s principles.As are financial and administrative ,cultur al,social and political reforms but Amanullah khan faced with deferent reactions of constitutionalists representatives and for the second time the constitutionalists due to their school of thought have been separated their way for ever.

Democratic parties,constitutionalists,National freedom movement,those whom wanted to get progress and development programs of Afghan society and justices.Every one of those movements had their own ideology like conservatives,Moderatives and radicals. Those movement with deferent imagination and school of thought  and deferent name like Reformists of cabinet, the Moderatives movement. Republican party and so on were the political parties that persuaded king Amanullah khan.

Mohaiudin Anis a journalist and a viewer of political atmosphere of king Amanullah khan, kingdom has pointed out to mentioned movements as following :”A cabinet is important group of country that effected on its future and past, because cabinet is a circle  that has a head and with other fellows to make decisions for country” One thing is very important that cabinet of Amanullah khan was a ground of chess for political parties.The strong actor  of it  means that cabinet’s people were classified to deferent positions and thinking.Every party had a school of tought , its own ideology and they were working independently of authorities to their own hobies.Amanullah khan as a best political leader got advantages from all movements  that had been working for advancement of country like conservatives,moderatives,radicals,oppositions,democratic reformist, civilians and militaryt worker, specialist and so on.

According to advises of second constitutionalists Amanullah khan formed his reforms and those reforms in the first draft have been appreciated by public and it also implemented, but he determined his second draft of reforms which did not aproved,because the circumstance were not suitable on that time for those reforms and also it was early of the time,also their was a total break down bureaucratic  bureaucrat state formation.Becouse in the state structure body some high level posts were held by king’s relatives that belonged to Barakzai nation,they did not take care about reforms.Reformists viewed all those negative points,but Amanullah khan did not payed attention to them.

The uncles of  king were ministers and governers they were not pickish of reforms,they were just in luxury and getting money.

In fact being the political parties in cabinet specaily consevitives groups and also taking high level governomental posts by uncles of King narrowed the circumstance for all good things people and the constitutionals did not get ways to implement their programs and soon they get arrested or suspended from their jobs.Mahmud Tarzai,Abdul Hadi Dawai and Abdul.Rahman Lodin could not accept this situations and due to this second constitutionalists toke distance  from king Amanullah khan and on that time the condition were suitable and possible for conservatives to implement their program and agendas.

Conservative groups wanted to deceive king Amanullah khan and they wanted to ignore King and kept him in darkness and they did not give him those informations that were going out side the cabinet.Writer of book(CONFLICT and RESCUE) Muhaiudin Anis pointed out to this issue” One most important demand of that time was that all authorities’ had knowledge of Theory and knew directly all programs of the country, but political parties ignore him normaly.The conservatives always put king Amanullah in darkness according to Mohaiudin Anis book(conflict and rescue) speechs( also we saw  that conflict started in east after formal people have informed and also son of Saqua have come to Kabul doors all of those ignorance  was the laziness of mentioned political parties.

In fact we understand that from all of those classifications and conservative enemy and British colonilization get the chance for influence in Afghanistan and at the result of those abnormal situations they ended the kingdom of Amanullah khan and started the government of Habibullah Kalakani.

The 9 month period of Habibullah khan kalakani is remained as a conflictive period ,in that time in all of the country their was bloady fighting amongst the Habibullah’s followers and oppositions and this time the government was controlled by uncultural and illliterate  people,that had no knowledge of law and order and also they didn’t know the ordinary customs of governmental affairs.They didn’t know what human right is,they were not hobby to promte the country.Due to this in country anarchy was started anarchy broke the country which coused of a general national criseses and coused destabilization.

Mir GhulamMohamad Ghobar the author  of  book(Afghanistan through Ages )writes about Habibullah Kalakani as following:(police is thief,juge is briber,government is our enemy,culture is full of illeteracy and corruptions, judiciary is center of cruelty and despotism, we knw al of these problems and talks about a lot)(1)

  1. In fact the writer of book pointed out to the main duties of authorities but in null he pointed out the cruelty and despotism of Habibulah khan and he also says that due to those cruelty two people had demand from governers and juges,like that:We request from juge,from government we hope mercifulness and aids and for bedding from cruelty we shelter to government, but our sincers togovernoment is certain to all our scare from police,demand from juge  are wrong and lie.In this short article writer pointed out that how  people obligated to accept and obey government. On that time there was so thinking restrictions, even two person could not set together to exchange their views.That writer of this article bring  speech of Habibullah Kalakani when he came for first time to Kabul in his book {a short glance to Afghanistans modern history} :( I have seen  godlessness and atheism of  before government and its blasphemy so due to this I have planed to Holly fight{JAHAD} against Amanullah’government to serve my prophet to rescue you from blasphemy and unfaithfulness,I do not spend money of government in building of Schools I give this money to my land to eat sweets and rice and I give this money to clergies to do best worshep) Candidate Academician Attaie has pointed out to above mentioned speech of Bacha-i-saqu( he gifted all budget and outcome of country and at end he ads that go and take picnics and enjoyment, fight the hens and fight the dogs for your enjoyments.)  

 

 

The above article  written   points out that Habibullah  Kalakani  was a suburban and un socialized  person and he didn’t know any thing about  management  of the country .

He also thought  that by exempking taxes and productions of the  country .He done  good service to their people but he didn’t know that those taxes did not belong to one person they were public purse, Son of Saguaw stole all the public property even he torture allots of  intellectuals ,so by this way  he killed  or crippled alots of intellectual and constitutionalists for  the cause of  having relationship with previous  king Amanullah khan.That abnormal and wild  situation of the country had created a lots of enemy to Son of Saquaw.How ever  intellectuals has forecasted this situation and when this situation happened every intellectual was thinking about killing of Habibullah khan.

In this circumstance due to cruelty and wild situation of every one first of all was thinking about his life and after wards about rescue of country .Author of  book(Afghanistan in the way of history) pointed out  to the conflictive situation of Habibullah Kalakani’s government with some doubtful persons “ In Kabul some of school and Madrasas students gathered and two of  them Habibullah and Abdul-Rasol khan come up and took the responsibility of killing Habibullah Kalakani,one of those students had informed Habibullah Khan Kalakani to arrest those students with their friend Qari Dost Mohamad khan who was executed..

  1. After this event  Habibullah ,Malik Hasan and Abdul Ghani Qali beeki became nervous and started cruelty.They hung up one famous judge and scholar    Qazi Addul-Rahman khan in chowk of Kabul city and cut parts of their body, also they hung up the heads of those died bodies by nails that were killed in war(1) .

In this situation we see that how our intellectuals that were our treasury of the country sacrificed for internal and external colonialist’s decisions.There was anarchy at very high level even no body took care and attention to Habibullah kalakani,all governors of provinces said that Habibullah khan is entrenchment fellow so he doesn’t have the right to order on us(2). Thus every governer worked by his own attitude and manner.This ideology was traditional among the soldiers one Solder told “I and Habibullah were in the same entrenchment so who is Habibullah that orders on me”(3).

So from this situation we know that if Habibullah declared a decree no governmental staffs has obeyed it,every staff  used to do their work by their own interests in this case may be for a small crime a person took  big punishment ,because on that time neither law nor decree were standards.In  the duration of nine months of  the external and internal colonialist had damaged all Civilian institutions that have been established by youth Afghan state.In that case that their were not any political and civil institution but Mir M Gholam Ghobar noted a hidden and under mosk Political party “Among the intellectuals some people made a party Naqabdar.This party was in farad and lie with public and they were saying motto of getting revolution and republican,so very soon the curtains of lie hold from their faces and all the intellectuals knew that this party was the mean of Habibullah kalakani and under the motto of Republican they fought for broking for Amania’s government and now they are working to format a colonial and cruel state and Kingdom”(4).Thus from their we know that Habibullah was un able to install civil society and he didn’t make Naqabdar party but it has been established by external and internal colonialists and some Afghans that on that time their benefits were under challenges.The main aim of the mentioned party  was to  confuse and deviate public mind and secondly they were struggling to make atmosphere for  Habibullah’s negative agendas.

The author of book(Afghanistan in the way of history) is doubtful about the identification of Naqabdar party that was registered in history ,he believed that this party was the mean for cruelty and despotism .Beside the Naqabdar party Author of book (Starting and ending of Afghanistan’s Khalq democratice party ) points out from the existence of freedom fighters organization like “The installation of freedom fighters organization established by Habibullah a teacher in Amania high school with some other Afghans.They established hidden freedom fighter organization.The main aim of that organization was the unity of nationalists and to dismiss the cruel regime of Habibullah Kalakani .Work and struggles of this movement was under ground and hidden(5).”

The existence of this organization was very wonderful on that captured period .In fact in the history of political freedom fighters in the country we have lots young people that were ready to sacrifice theirs lives for their home land. one of  those youngish genaration was Habibullah a teacher of Amania high school and that teacher wanted to kill Kalakani and rescue their people from conflect of Habibullah Kalakani but misfortunately it didn’t occurred and finally Habibullah and members of his organization were arrested by Habibullah Kalakani and Killed him.

How ever the intellectuals were being in anarchy circumstance ,but they had hopes for a future according to a fine arts writings that has been published in book Afghanistan in the way of history “Originally our life doesn’t depends on presents,our life is going on ward tomorrow and we are interested on tomorrow that could not be today and has another tomorrow .with hope  this tomorrow is our source of wishes , a tomorrow with lonely singings , a hope of full song that will slayable in our hell and this song is our permanent happiness ,tomorrow we will eat ,tomorrow cruelty will be over,tomorrow sorrow, pain and defects will decrease tomorrow their wont be noise  of horsewhip(6).

In this writing  the writer  describes him and his others jailfelows and situation in prison and a complete picture of present and he hope theirselives to future ,his aim is not the situation of jail his aim is that he wants to inform all the country situation that was like a prison.

After this issue writer  points out the situation of actions and speech as a crime like below:

“In this country bad word is a crime but bad action is allowable in this place all of activities done by bad actions ,all of speechs are good but no one of them are implemented(7).”

Goal of the writer for bad word is the state fact and reality because of that time their was lack of thin kings and no body had the permission to publish or say the fact like it is .So all the speeches and states were limited  with saying and all actions remains without doing like before that we have mentioned that civil war and nine months conflicts destroyed all economic ,social and cultural outcomes of King Amanullah khan and the result of Afghan youth were dismissed in fire of war,how ever in next period their was a little struggling to control political conflict and reset the administration of Amanullah khan and bring the country to the normal situation was not a fresh issue,years before it was made by internal elements like conservatives ,oppositions and those who were upset from kingdom ,scholars that were opposite to reforms and generally in the head of those conspiracies was British colonal.

So Afghans invited M.Nader khan to Afghanistan and they decided to be their king   for two reasons. First for ending conflictive situation and secondly to bring a discipline and law.Nader khan who was familiar  with Afghan society and had worked step by step for his sustainability and when ever a person has stand against of his policy he dismissed him,in this case lots of reformists gone to jail or left the country .According to  writing of book( A short glance to the history of Afghanistan) points out:

“ This period had a contrast with two previous periods, this period was not like  Amanullah khan’s period that wanted to bring western culture to Afghanistan and change  the society by removing hats and  laying veils from womens this period was not like Habibullah kalakani’s period that was opposite with all global civilizations and apologized all public purse and taxes to their solders for eating sweats and rice and prey, and himself was busy in dog fancy, birds fighting and cock fighting, By his own opinion he wanted to make an uncivilized and subordinate society.” So we can say that new period that was mixed of two mentioned periods that the reforms of Amanullah take place in the hands of lazy and irresponsible stuffs(8).

The period of Nader khan was the same like pervious two periods because Nader khan invited boaster convention (Loyah Jirga) for his legitimacy of kingdom and for bringing little change in laws of King Amanullah khan’s (The Second constitution of Afghanistan has been made in the period of Nader khan in a boaster convention on 1309 with participation of 525 members ,they approved 110 articles in constitution(9).That jirga accepted the kingdom of M.nader khan and also made a group of 105 members from this jirga to approve the new constitution which is  called National Asembly.)

In 1931 national assembly announced the new constitution as a the main rule of law of government that has had 110 articles. So through this way Nader khan changed the first constitution of Afghanistan that was made by Amanullah khan(NAZAM NAMA) to (USULI ASASI DAWLAT ALIAHAI) and belonged it to himself and that constitution was the most achievment of King Amanullah khan, So Nader khan by his own believes made a legal government.

But his reactions against Amanullah khan’s followers was worst then Kalakani.  

He used to hide his feeling at the time of necessity and agreement, when his problem solved he did action against his oppositions with a conflictive attitude in that case he created alots of enemy for himself and his those characters effected the public opinion(10).

Of course Nader khan had an excited policy he never certain that who is his enemy and who is his friend, due to this policy his enemy didn’t get him and didn’t stand against his political activities .Nader khan used to hide his policy and waited for an aportunity.

Nader khan has brought Abd-Rahaman lodin from prison and assigned him as a mayor of Kabul city.Abd-Rahman lodin was a writer, journalist and constitutionalist who had been arrested by Habibullh kalakani and kept him in prison,but Nader khan didn’t hide his feelings  for long time about Lodin and finally accused Abd-Rahaman lodin on partiality of Amanullah khan and killed him.

Killing and execution of  intellectuals,members of contituinalists and other wer continued.When ever Nader khan hate a person and created enmity with him so he never forget that .For example at the time of king Amanullah khan when Nader khan was minister of defence Amanullah khan gave a duty to M.Wali khan and this action created hate in the heart of Nader khan and when ever he was to  get revenge as below that has stated in (Afghanistan in the way of history) “ In the period of king Amanullah a clash has happened between British and Afghan government specially with those British armies that have been settling a long side border of Durand line ,so Amanullah khan submited this issue to M.Wali khan and that duty didn’t belonged to him because M.Wali khan was minister of foreign affairs and that duty belonged to Nader khan because border issues belongs to defense ministry and Nader khan was defense minister ,so interference on his duty created enmity with M.Wali khan ,with this problem Nader khan and Wali khan has ideologically differences and it created hit between them because Nader khan was the main member of conservatives and Wali khan was reformist so those oppositions made the situation for M.Wali khan to be in opposition with Nader khan at the time of his kingdom(11).

For court of M.Wali khan Nader khan emphasized on those documents that some elders of northern provinces has came to Nader khan and took excuse for helping Habibulah kalakani and they also told to Nader khan that the head of movement against Amanullah khan and suporter of Habibullah kalakani was M.Wali khan.So Nader khan took action against M.Wali khan and a new court (Court of National Traitors) that has been published in Anis newspaper in year 1308,sixth edition.

So M.Wali khan has confessed that he is in the duty of Amanullah and he also has to perform  responsibilies .M.Walikhan also rejected all wrong accusation on himself.In that regarding to some stuff of that period has witnessed on accusation of Nader khan and those stuffs were as following:

Abdul-Rahman khan head of extremist youth society ,Gholam Mahyudeen,Raja Mohand partab.First two persons were exited from the court and third one left Afghanistan after court’s decision.Mohan Partab was a representative of India to Kabul(12).

At the end court has determined that Mahamod Sami must be executed and M.Wali khan must  spend 8 years in jail.

The main gaol of M.Nader khan was to stop the activities of intellectuals and specially dismissed constitutionalists movement so he could not be able to do those reactions  at one time so he step by step killed  some of them and executed  some of them and took some of intellectuals to jail for long time so some of prisoners has been died in jail due to their long term prison .

If we analize all sacrifice of that despotism government of M.Nader khan it needs  for another book but shortly we will just mentioned their names:like Abdul-Rahman Khan Lodeen a loyal and youngish person,Taj,Mohamad paghmani,Faiz Mohamad Barotsaz, have been martyred,Ghulam Mahyodin has been terrorized,Mir Mohamad ghbar ,Mir sayed Qasam laghmani,Abdul-Hadi Dawai and some others intellectuals and activists of constitutionalists movement by deferent pretext have been send to prison(13).

Some others like ghulam Mayodeen Anis the editor of Anis newspaper and a helper of Nader khan at the period of Habibullah kalakani had been killed in jail.Ghulam Nabi Khan Charkhi was executed and his brother Ghulam Jailani khan has gone to prison and also M.Ibrahim Safa,Sarwar joyah,Abdul Aziz khan qalandari,Abdul-Ghafar khan Sarhad dar,Raza khan and some others were sent  to jail (14).

 Anis newspaper that was governmental newspaper has published all those 30 persons under the name of (Execution of doomed traitors) that was a fact that those reactions and manner has damaged the political and social atmosphere of Afghanistan and brought a conflictive situation to country.

How ever all cabinet of M.Nader khan imagine that no enemy remain against M.Nader khan but this is a bad fact that conflict answered by conflict and finally king Nader khan was killed by a school student Abdul-Khaliq khan and after the kingdom of M.Zahir shah started with prime ministery of M.Hasham khan.After killing of M.Nader khan his family thought that his killing was an incidence,but at one time due to  terror of M.Aziz khan the eldest brother of Nader khan who was embasader in Germany and attack on British embassy the family council of M.Nader khan changed their views and said that killing of M.Nader khan was not a collision, finally family council intended to create an intelligence Agency for control and monitoring of current political and social circumstances of Afghan society and they established an intelligence agency under the name of (Zabti-Hawalaat).

The book(A short glance to the modern history of Afghanistan) points out to new intelligence Agency.

[M.Hasham khan was a intelligence personality and his work strategy was intelligence service specially  when M.Nader khan has been killed,so he filled all prisons thus he made the regional administrative formation that should inform his office about intelligence service’s information(15) .

In that case he assigned those people for main governmental posts that were trustable and loyalfull to kingdom.M.Hasham khan always forbidded setting of intellectuals and make made the atmosphere for intellectuals and constitutionalist so narrow that they were hopeless for their legal activities.Even independent news papers,magzins and freedom of thought was forbidden(16).

How ever in this era publications were too much comparing to previous era but from the view of quality they were in very low  level.In province like previous publications were publishing and ministery has also started to publish special magazines so  that intellectuals can take advantage from this chance and publish their articles in those magazines and newspaper and share and broadcast their views to public people,but some sensors occurred in their thoughts and articles. Due to those sensors Some of them left their duties and freedom by governmental action(17).

In fact government of Hashim khan took personal freedom of people and that action showed that government is not stand on their laws,those laws were in writings not for implementation like the article 19 of constitution about personal freedom of  persons “personal freedom is protected from every aggression ,nobody with out legal order could not go to prison’’(18).

The writer of book (Afghanistan in last five centuries) points out to prisoners of that era:(Those prisoners  were intellectuals and scholasr of the country and their duration of prison were not determined ,because their crime were not stable and their punishment was also uncertain,so prisoner by their own selves gave the  name of Hawk and Sparrow to their selves.Hawk were those prisoners that once a time some one take care of them and sparrow were those prisoners that for all life they were send to jail but in action both groups were prisoners  permanently in prison ,because their was no one to ask about them or to out  take out  them from jail(19).

The account of prisoner were so high and the prison of Amanullah khan was not enough for them and finally government built a new prison in Dehmazang of Kabul and this prison was full of political prisoners(20).

So by this way 17 years M.Hasham khan did the governance by pressures and power and kept the society under his pressures .He dismissed all civilsoceities and their establishers that had been made by (Youth Afghans) in this era their was constitution but its emplementation was not available.

The diference of this period was that, the  powers like judiciary, legislators and administrative were there but their authority were with government.Also parliament was not responsible to government.Election of prime minister,ministers were not stand on wining experience and education but the standards were family identification and relationships.

How ever M.Hasham khan was full of despotism and that negative discipline took the society back to conflicts(21). So in those circumstances relation of people has cut with government and also some clashes occurred in Kingdom family like once upon’’In 1938 M.Dawood khan came to Kabul as a commander of capital forces and announced his independency in front of defense ministry but defense minister rejected this announcement but prime minister and king supported him and this was the first clash among kingdom family that brought so loaded negatives results. Specially when two brothers of King took tittle of (Wala hazrat) and other near relative of king took tittle of “Sardar”(22).

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References

The above translation is taken from the book(Effects of Media on Afghan Society ) that has been written by researcher Farzana Habibi in1387.These are the references that has been added by author of mentioned book:

 

  1. Ghubar.Mir M.Ghulam,(Afghanistan in the way of history) first edition,page 828
  2. Candidate Academician Atayee.M.Ibrahim(A short glance to the modern history of Afghanistan).Maiwand publisher,Peshawer,1368,page276
  3. The above mentioned reference,page 271
  4. Ghubar.Mir M Ghulam (Afghanistan in the way of history) first edition, page 814.
  5. Panjsheeri,Dastgeer,(Starting and ending  Afghanistan’s Khalq democratic Party) Fazal publicational center,1377,page 86.
  6.   Ghubar.Mir M Ghulam (Afghanistan in the way of history) first edition, page 836.
  7.    The above mentioned reference and mentioned page.
  8. Candidate Academician Atayee.M.Ibrahim(A short glance to the modern history of Afghanistan).Maiwand publisher,Peshawer,1368,page297
  9. Ismat Ilahi,M,Hasham(Structure of Afghanistan’s media),Bikran publisher,Tehran,1383,page 122-123.
  10. Farhan.M.Sadiq,(Afghanistan in last five centuries) 3rd edition,page 11.
  11. The above mentioned reference.page 12.
  12. The above mentioned reference.page 13.
  13. Panjsheeri,Dastgeer,(Starting and ending  Afghanistan’s Khalq democratic Party) Fazal publicational center,1377,page 95.
  14. Farhan.M.Sadiq,(Afghanistan in last five centuries) 3rd edition,page 616-617-618.
  15. Candidate Academician Atayee.M.Ibrahim(A short glance to the modern history of Afghanistan).Maiwand publisher,Peshawer,1368,page315.
  16. Farhan.M.Sadiq,(Afghanistan in last five centuries) 3rd edition,page652.
  17. The above mentioned reference. page 652
  18. State constitution of Afghanistan,article,11,general press Kabul.1330.
  19. Farhan.M.Sadiq,(Afghanistan in last five centuries) 3rd edition,page 658.
  20. The above mentioned reference. page 656-657
  21. The above mentioned reference. page 653
  22. The above mentioned reference. Page 634.

 

 

 

 

 

And thank you

So much